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Celesta Robot Research project on the development of new tools for musical expressionnt |
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<Gesta>
an automated original Victor Mustel celesta dr.Godfried-Willem RAES 2026- |
<Gesta>
This automated instrument is based on an antique four octave celesta. The original
instrument, an original Victor Mustel dating from the end of the 19th century,
had a piano-like keyboard as well as a single sustain pedal. The celesta has
been given a patent in France in 1886 on the name of August Mustel, Victor's
son. Here is a drawing from that patent:
The
sound source is a series of tuned steel plates suspended above wooden resonators
tuned to the fundamental. The mechanism is very much piano-like although the
dynamic range is very limited in this case. Here is a picture of the instrument
as we received it in 2026.
The first thing we had
to do, of course, was analysing the exact way the instrument functions. An animated
gif taken from the site of the only one modern builder of celesta's (Scheidmeyer,
Germany), reveals a lot:
However, on the original instrument the keyboard is placed above the sound bars
and not below them as in the animation. At rest, the felt damper lies flat on
the sound bar. The mechanism operates such as to first lift the damper, just
before the hammer can beat the sound bar. The hammer bounces back after the
stroke, but as long as the key is held down, the damper remains lifted and thus
the bar is free to resonate over its resonator. Here is a more detailed view
on the lower side of the mechanism:
On the highest octave, there are no dampers mounted as can be seen here:
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The pedal is used to lift all the dampers together. That our instrument is an
authentic Mustel is evident from the signature and series number found on the
backside of the instrument:
Automating such an instrument at first sight looks like a straightforward task, as it looks like the design of the piano Vorsetzer can be duplicated. However, after a few experiments along that line it became clear that this was not an optimal solution as we were confronted with a lot of unwanted noises originating from the mechanism. The dynamic range of the celesta being pretty limited, this became all the more objectionable. Thus we decided to leave out the entire keyboard and all the tractures starting from it and leading to the mechanism. Also the mechanism lifting the damper before striking was removed. Instead we provided damper solenoids for each plate activating felt dampers. As is our implementation, the sound bars are free at rest, we do not need a delay anymore between strike command and the actual hitting of the hammer. The dampers are activated on reception of a note-off command.
Source code and hexdumps for the PIC microcontrollers:
| board | processor | source code | hex-dump | PCB file |
| Hub/parser | 18F2620 | |||
| Board1 | 18F4620 | |||
| Board2 | 18F4620 | |||
| Board3 | 18F4620 | |||
| Board4 | 18F4620 | |||

Note-off, the release byte may be used to steer the damping force. Note that the highest octave does not have dampers.
Note-on, velocity implemented
Key pressure: used for automatic note repeats. Each note can be programmed with an individual repetition rate. Key pressure can also be used to modify light flashing speed.
Lights:
Controllers implemented:
#19: damping force on release if note-off with release byte is not used.
#30: Global repetition rate controller. Value 0 disables repetitions. Note that repetitions will be synchronous and in sync only if the notes to which they are applied start at the same time. By default set to OFF.
#66: Power on/off switch. This resets controllers and switches the power supplies for the solenoids. Value 0 switches OFF, any other value is ON. Switching this controller also resets all controllers to their default values on cold boot.
#69: Switches automation of the lights on or off. Values 1 to 7 select different light mappings. Value 0 switches the mechanism off. By default, automation is switched ON.
#123: All notes OFF. (Includes the lights).
Program change: not implemented
Channel aftertouch: not implemented
Pitch Bend: not implemented
Technical specifications:
Design and construction: dr.Godfried-Willem Raes
Collaborators on the construction of this robot:
Music composed for <Gesta>:
none specific sofar. However, <Gesta> can often be an alternative for the vibraphone (<Vibi>).
orchestrations using <Gesta>:
Tchaikovsky, dance of the sugar fairy, from the Nutcracker. (original part for celesta!)
James Ensor 'La gamme d'amour' (in the works, if we can get the required support for this production).
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<Gesta>
Op ons verlanglijstje stond het instrument helemaal niet. Immers een celesta is een behoorlijk duur instrument met een vrij beperkte dynamiek en wordt eigenlijk in niet zo gek veel muziek gebruikt. Iedereen kent natuurlijk wel de dans van de suikerfee uit de notenkraker van Tchaikovsky (1892) en de veel latere 'muziek voor strijkers en celesta' van Bela Bartok (1936)., maar daar blijft het veelal wel bij. Alleen grote orkesten, hamonien, operahuizen en konservatia plegen er dan ook eentje te hebben.
Bouwdagboek - Construction & Research Diary:

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M&M orkest |
Last update: 2026-09-17 by Godfried-Willem Raes
The following information is not intended for the general public nor for composers wanting to make use of the <Gesta> robot, but is essential for maintenance and servicing of the robot by our clients and collaborators. It also might be usefull for people that want to undertake similar projects.
Technical drawings, specs and data sheets:
Power supplies:
Fuse in the power entry: 6.4 A. A spare fuse can be found in the little drawer.
Wiring & circuit details midihub board:
PCB for this board:
Circuit details solenoid driver board:
board 1 using 12 IRF620 MOSFET's for the pulses
board 2 using 10 IRF530 MOSFET's for the pulses, 1 IRF540, 1 IRF1310
boards 3 to 5 using 12 IRF3710 for the pulses
All boards use IRL640 for the holds.
summary of data-sheet values for MOSFET's used:
| type | Umax | Imax | Ug | RdsON | Ci |
| IRF530 | 100V | 14A | 10V | 0.18 Ohm | |
| IRF540 | 100V | 28A | 10V | 0.08 Ohm | 1.7nF |
| IRF620 | 200V | 5A | 10V | 0.8 Ohm | |
| IRF1310 | 100V | 24A | 10V | 0.036 Ohm | 1.9nF |
| IRF3710Z | |||||
| IRL640 | 200V | 18A | 5V | 0.18 Ohm | 1.7nF |
| IRLZ34 | 55V | 30A | 5V | 0.046 Ohm | 880pF |
| FQPF20N06E | 60V | 15A | 3V |
If repair and replacement is required, all N-channel mosfet's can be replaced with IRL640 types.
Solenoids: Intertec ITS-LZ-1949-D-12V. Datasheet. Nominal voltage: 12V , Power: 7W (Hence Rdc= 20.57 Ohm). With the 9V hold-voltage only, the current drawn is 437 mA. During the velo-pulse, current rises to 1.6 A.
Mechanical construction drawings and welding plan:
Tentative cost calculation:
| tubular solenoids: Lucas Ledex |
48
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63,50-
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3.048,-
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| PCB's P/H boards: |
4
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250,-
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1.000,-
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| PCB's damper boards |
3
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200,-
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600,-
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| Hub board |
1
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280,-
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280,-
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| Power supply: 9V - 11A |
110,-
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110,-
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| Power supplies 24V - 6A / 9A |
210,-
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210,-
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| Konnektors 2pole Weidmueller |
60
|
1,60-
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96,-
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| Ettinger M3 shock absorbers |
20
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3,60-
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72,-
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| Rubber fingers |
60
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2,80-
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168,-
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| M6 bakeliet knoppen |
4
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2,70-
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10,80-
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| Material cost estimate |
15.000-
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Labor (estimated at 16 weeks): 20.000,-
Total estimated cost: 35.000,-
References:
Raes, Godfried-Willem, "Expression control in musical automates", 1977/2026,
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